The Impact of Mass Media Advertising on Society Essay...

In a culture that relentlessly promotes avarice and excess as the good life, consumerism is essentially expected. Numerous billboards, posters, flyers and spam mail commercializing products on a daily basis could prove it. Cutting edge technology also allows advertisements be experienced through the use of mass medium and it is nearly impossible to escape the invasion of advertising. Continuous exposure to advertisements has indeed impacted numerous consumers, in which most of them are unaware to the situation and companies are taking advantage of this by allocating big budget to improve and develop advertisements solely to persuade consumer’s preferences toward their brand or product. Advertising has been specifically linked as the main†¦show more content†¦Mass media advertising elicits a nationally subtle peer pressure that gradually destroying moral values and standards. Moreover, with reports from Global Industry Analysts that states â€Å"the global outdoor advertising market is expected to reach almost $44 billion by 2017† it is safe to question the effectiveness of regulation as there seems to exist a preconceived notion that regulators usually have been associated with the industries they regulate. Jane Kilbourne of Center for Media Literacy states that â€Å"Advertising creates a mythical, mostly white world in which people are rarely ugly, overweight, poor, struggling or disabled, either physically or mentally†. Major aspect of advertising that needs to be revamped is their outdated gender roles view. Advertising has been blamed for objectifying women and stereotypical housewife. The housewife usually linked to their excessive need to clean and portray women as stay-at-home mother, conveying the message of an ideal mother figure. On the other hand, the objectivization of women employs the importance of physical beauty and imposing consumer to comply with this unrealistic ideal. Consumer have been indoctrinated that physical beauty signifies attractiveness and affection. With the emergence of technologies, adolescents presumably gather information about sexual mindsets through the media, and most ofShow MoreRelatedMass Media and Popular Culture953 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture March, 2009 Let us face the facts, mass media and popular culture need each other to coexist. Furthermore, in todays society the mass media serves the interest of popular culture. Moreover, it is the vehicle of free speech in a diverse, multicultural society. In addition, mass media refers to communication via radio, televisions, movie theaters, television, newspapers, magazines, and, etc; thereby, reaching out to the larger audience. On the contrary, popularRead MoreThe Theory Of The Political Economy872 Words   |  4 Pagestheory of the political economy in the context on media studies, is that behind every media product, has a commercial and economic imperative and as such, has particular impacts on the media content that would not exist if such imperatives ceased to exist. It is these impacts that both limit media products, and allow media products of a particular nature exist. A political economic approach in the production of media is in contrary to the nature of media itself; accura cy, integrity and authenticity areRead MoreCulture and the Mass Media1400 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Mass Media on Enculturation The mass media and culture go hand and hand in today s society. The American culture thrives on the Mass media and this has become American culture today. â€Å"Mass media is any medium used to transmit mass communication. Until recently mass media was clearly defined and was comprised of the eight mass media industries; books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the Internet (Lane, 2007).† The mas media is no longer simple to defineRead MoreAdvertising1204 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Impact Of Advertising Impact based advertising is a form of advertising designed to have a lasting psychological effect on viewers so they will remember the product or vendor. This approach can help advertising produce the greatest results for a given expenditure. Impact based advertising is often contrasted with impression based advertising, which is focused on the number of times that an ad is seen and does not differentiate between segments of the audience. Impact-based advertising seeks toRead MoreThe Role and Influence of Mass Media1154 Words   |  5 PagesTopic 5: The role and influence of mass media Since the development of technology, mass media becomes an important part of modern society. It influences all areas; therefore, it is raising a question among people about what are the role and influence of mass media. The term mass media refers to the channels of communication (media) that exist to reach a large public audience (the mass of the population). Mass media includes newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and more recently, the InternetRead MoreMass Media Influence On People s Ideas About Society936 Words   |  4 Pages110-01 November 13, 2015 Mass Media Influence in Shaping People’s Ideas about Society The most important goal for mass media is to make high revenues. To make this goal real and earn that money mass media maker or producer put effective working plans. These effective plans could be in all different kinds of any mass media. There are several effects of made mass media planning before it broadcasting a message to improve it economic. These effects are; effects of advertising on purchasing, effects ofRead MoreEssay about Mass Media and Popular Culture1491 Words   |  6 PagesMass Media and Popular Culture: Effects on the Population Mass Media and Popular Culture Mass media and popular culture go hand in hand. This paper will discuss the impact of mass media on enculturation, examine the relationships among media, advertising and the formation of normative cultural values, and discuss the impact of the internet on popular culture and the way we communicate today. Real world examples of this impact will be provided to prove our point of view and the overall effectRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society935 Words   |  4 PagesOption two Mass media has evolved tremendously in the last century and even the last few years it has changed. Each type of mass media however functions differently in society. For example, one mass media platform is newspapers. Newspapers were the first mass news media, beginning in 1692 till 1920. When newspapers first started out, the government controlled the content that newspapers produced. This impacted significantly how this society shaped itself, and also what people thought. That quicklyRead MoreAdvertising: the Good and Bad Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesAdvertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce ones prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore , the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade to consumer in order toRead More Advertising: the good and bad Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Advertising is a persuasive communication attempt to change or reinforce one’s prior attitude that is predictable of future behavior. We are not born with the attitudes for which we hold toward various things in our environment. Instead, we learn our feelings of favorability or unfavorability through information about the object through advertising or direct experience with the object, or some combination of the two. Furthermore, the main aim of advertising is to ‘persuade’ to consumer in order

The Classical Model Of Economics - 1431 Words

For example, when a good is scarce, the prices goes up, so consumers try to avoid buying and therefore conserving the resource. Then, the suppliers want to find more of the source as to get a better profit. The reasons behind their actions are selfish, yet they benefit all of society. Smith identified that the pursuit of profit and the power of self-interest would increase motivation and result in more advances in technology. His model of capitalism was on the basis of freedom and selfishness as a motivator for society. It was also on the basis that the economy would go through recessions and expansions but fix itself. Recessions are periods in the economy in which unemployment goes up, while profits and spending goes down; a slowdown of the economy. An expansion is essentially the exact opposite. The classical model of economics states that the economy will continue to go through these fluctuations over time and will fix itself with no help, thus not needing a government to give inf luence. Eventually, however, The Great Depression happened, and there was no end in sight of the dramatic recession. The Great Depression was a widespread crash of the market that happened in 1929 and lasted well into the 1930’s. For a long time, no one knew why it had happened or when it would be over. Often considered capitalism’s savior, John Maynard Keynes noticed the lengthy depression and realized that something was causing it to be stuck. He thought that the economy was not going to pickShow MoreRelatedThe Neo Classical Model Of Economics1505 Words   |  7 PagesMONETARISM The 1930’s saw the neo-classical model of economics, championed by Walras and Mengers, crumble as rates of unemployment rose exponentially on a global scale. In the midst of this economic crisis Keynes offered solution to the crisis in his 1936 ‘General theory of Employment, Interests and Money’. He successfully argued that the state was alone capable of steering the economy to produce ‘social stability and social justice’ (Valentine, 2003) Thus the post-war consensus was formed and consequentiallyRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics And Macroeconomics Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction New classical Macroeconomics is an important school of macroeconomics development since 1970s. New Classical Macroeconomics is originally evolved from the school of Rational Expectations and monetarism. New classical Macroeconomics is also referred to the Macroeconomics of the rational expectations, or equilibrium method for Macroeconomics. New classical Macroeconomics abides by traditions of the classical economics and believes in the effectiveness of market forces. New classical MacroeconomicsRead MoreMacroeconomic Theories Of Macroeconomics And Classical Economics999 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. There are two major macroeconomic theories that economists use to describe the economy . Those theories are Keynesian and Classical. Each theory has a different approach to the economic study of monetaryRead MoreThe Classical School And The Neoclassic1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s Economy as it relates to Classical and Neoclassical Thought Economic thoughts and theories are constantly evolving. One reason being is the growth and evolution of humans and systems. This constant change often brings about greater economics challenges. Thus, we can strongly contend to the fact that the state of today’s economic isn’t as found in the 18th or 19th and so on. Moreover, economic theorists presented with these robust economic challenges often time build up on each other. ThatRead More The Classical Dichotomy Essays1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe Classical Dichotomy What is the Classical dichotomy? Under what circumstances of disequilibrium did the Classical economist accept that the dichotomy does not hold? Selfishness is a reprehensible human characteristic; yet it is precisely the necessary behavior yielding the greatest possible economic benefit for the entire society according to Classical economics. The dominant economic theory from the 18th to 20th century was of a free market system of continuousRead MorePolicy Review And The Lucas Criticisms Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagestotal economic in short term. In the long term, it merely impacts the changes of general price levels, instead of on the changes of total economy. Therefore, in the issues of controlling inflation, monetary economy cycle theory believes that the governments do not need to have to spend too many costs in the relative output and employment to control the inflation, only if the public trust that the monetary authorities will implement their monetary tightening policies. In addition, new classical macroeconomicsRead MoreNew Classical Macroeconomics Arose From The Monetarism And Rational Expectation School Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction New Classical Macroeconomics arose from the Monetarism and Rational Expectation School in the 1970s and follows the tradition of classical economics. If the market mechanism is allowed to play its role spontaneously, which could solve the unemployment, recession and a series of macroeconomic issues. Keynesian economists believe that changes in the money supply will lead to changes in effective demand that will changes in the total economy. For economic cycle fluctuation, Keynesian economistsRead MoreEconomic Advisement Paper1634 Words   |  7 PagesOption 1: Economic Advisement Paper Brittany McCarty, Jake Vickers, amp; Michelle Williams Learning Team B Eco 372 July 11, 2013 Dr. Samuel Imarhiagbe Two Economic Theories Modernizing over the decades, two main theories support economists, proposals, arguments, and predictions. The first theory is the Classical model perspective and the second theory is the Keynesian model perspective. The first theory promotes a hands-off approach and the second a governmentRead MoreClassical Vs. Keynesian Models Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesClassical vs Keynesian models Two economic models of thought are classical and Keynesian models. Each model takes a diverse approach to the economic education of financial policy, buyer behavior, and government spending. The classical model, which traces its origins to the 1770s, was the first systematic attempt to explain the determinants of the price level and the national levels of real GDP, employment, consumption, savings, and investments. Classical economist Adam Smith and others assumed thatRead MoreBehavioral Economics Essay598 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Behavioral economics studies cognitive, emotional and social factors effects on economic decisions made by an individuals and consequences returns, resource allocation and market prices. It assumes that human beings are rational in the decisions they make. Behavioral economics do not involve assumption. The difference comes in from the notion that the human behavior observation contradicts behavior of people to be perfectly rational. Therefore, the two starts from different points.

Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment Free Essays

Journal Assignment What kind of work do you do? Subject is part owner to a computer T1/T2 provider. How long have you been doing it? Subject has being working there for 17 years. Can you describe a typical work day? Subject states that she is on the board and that she overlooks board’s requirements, check incoming and outgoing contracts, mediator, and she sets up all the rules and regulations for the cooperation. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why did you end up doing this work? What kind of person often does this sort of work? (And would they consider themselves typical? Subject stated that she wanted to do this because she wanted to start her own business so that they could help financially stabilize friends, family members, and partners. The sort of person who often does this sort of work is an A typical person who is controlling and strives to have more out of life than what is typical. What do you like about this work? Subject states that she likes the diversity which is incorporated through dealing with other companies and also the staff at the company. What is difficult about this work? The difficulty is how people bond to easily which brings their personal life into their work life and how they are not able to separate friendship and work relationship. This open doors to issues like sexual harassment, misconduct, and theft. How do (customers, others in the company†¦ ) treat you? What do they think about the job you do? [Adapt this question to fit your particular interview–try to get at how they think they are treated based on their work. ] Subject states that others are afraid of her and extremely intimidated. Subject states that they do not want the job that she does but they enjoy working for the company. How does being a (fill in the blank with a salient cultural category: man, older person, African-American, 20-something, etc. ) play into the work you do? Subject states that initially there were barrier because of the stuffy suits that could not with having a woman in charge. There was open defiance, rudeness, and vulgarity. Subject states that she fired member’s board due to their insubordination. Has this work changed the way you think about yourself, about the world? Subject states that she has the ability to separate her work life and personal life. Subject states that she is now a cold, calculating, malicious, and deviant individual due to the desire to have more money and more business for the company as whole. Subject states that personally she is a caring, loving individual but as far as the world goes she believes that there are too many lazy individuals that don’t want to take responsibility for ensuring that task are completed. Subject feels that everyone wants a handout and does not want to earn their livelihood. What are some cultural values that are important to you (can be family, work, or interpersonal)? Do you think these are similar to or different from mainstream American culture? Please explain your ideas. Subject states that the business world is so much more complicated and unsympathetic to race, religion, politics, and sexuality. Subject states that they really don’t care about cultural values as long as you can perform your job. She also stated that in the business world they are aesthetic creatures who use whatever means necessary to get to the next level. She believes that this is very different from mainstream American culture, almost to the point of being anti-social. What do you like best about American culture? What do you like least? (Even if the person is American, they will have an opinion about this question that gives you some insight about how they view things from their perspective. ) Subjects like the fact that the American culture has a huge melting pot of candidates who are brilliant and talented in the profession that they choose. Due to this fact when the company is in need of candidates with a specific talent it is easier to find a candidate who fits the mold for that position. Analysis Think about your interview, the person, and their work. Please consider these questions as you write your journal assignment: What aspects of this person’s work determine or indicate their status relative to others? The subjects work environment is one which a wealth of knowledge is extremely necessary in order to be successful. The subject is in the process of completing 4 doctorate degrees. Due to the fact that she is head of the board of directors she is looked up to by her subordinates and is expected to be knowledgeable in all areas of the company. She is a bit anti-social yet still remains professional and approachable to the lowest ranking individual at the company. What are some of the connections between this person’s work experience and gender, race, age, and /or ethnicity (etc. )? The actual subject was of Cherokee Indian heritage and this heritage seemed to be at the center of how the subject intertwines her work and still remains true to her culture and tribe. Most of the subject’s knowledge is in large part of how she was raised on the reservation coupled with her age which helps to emphasize the important of maturity when making sound decisions. What kinds of attitudes, values, and behaviors does this person’s work culture encourage? The attitudes, values, and behaviors that are displayed at their work culture is that of an air of self-motivation. The individual employee is held accountable for their own success or failure. Excuses are unacceptable. Their also seems to be a nonchalant attitude about their employees values. From what I gleaned from the interview what you believe in does not matter to the employee as long as you are doing your job to the best of your ability. What attitudes and values, held by this person, were similar to your own, and which were different? The attitudes and values of the subject were much in line with mine. The subject believes in receiving reward for hard work done and if you do not do the work you do not receive compensation. I did not like the fact that the subject refused to consider the cultural needs of the employee. I believe this may cause problems for them later on down the line. From this interview, what can give us insight into communicating across cultures or across work cultures? In my opinion communicating across cultures or work cultures takes a combined effort. Everyone in the company has to be open to the idea of using their talents which may have manifested due to elements from that individuals culture. Communication is not a one-sided instrument. In order for it to be effective the employer has to take steps to ensure that there are open lines of communication no matter what an employee’s background may be. In the end I believe that organizations only conform to the idea of culture because they are forced to. How to cite Motivation Leadership Journal Assignment, Essay examples

Financial Statement Analysis Of Singapore Telecommunication Limited a

Question: Discuss about the Finanial Statement. Answer: Introduction: The study mainly evaluates the financial performance of Singapore Telecommunication Limited and StarHub Limited for last three fiscal years. In addition, appropriate ratios could mainly help in understanding the overall financial condition of the company, which might help in identifying relevant scope. Moreover, the trend position of the company might also be evaluated from the stock and share price movement in comparison with the FTSE. Singapore Telecommunication Limited is mainly known as the largest mobile network provider in Singapore, which was ranked 20-30 in the world (Singtel.com 2016). The company mainly has 82% of the fixed lines, 47% of the mobile market, and 43% of the broadband market. In addition, StarHub is Ltd is mainly identified as the third major Telco company in Singapore. The company mainly has 30% of the market share in mobile and broadband sectors combined, which allows them to generate high-end revenues (Starhub.com 2016). Graphically presenting financial performance of Singapore Telecommunication Limited and StarHub Limited with its each other and industry: Efficiency ratio: SingTel StarHub Industry Profitability 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 Gross margin ratio 28.68% 29.96% 27.95% 56.92% 60.25% 60.07% 7.30% Profit margin 21.97% 21.71% 19.31% 15.23% 15.52% 15.71% 3.25% Return on equity 15.28% 15.31% 14.63% 198.45% 248.66% 448.25% 6.20% Table 1: Depicting the efficiency ratio (Source: As created by the author) Figure 1: Depicting the efficiency ratio (Source: As created by the author) SingTels receivable turnover declined from 2013 to 2015, which is due to the decline sales achieved by the company. However, the inventory turnover ratio mainly declined due to the increasing average inventory and declining cost of goods sold by the company. Moreover, the receivables turnover ratio of StarHub mainly declined due to the rising average receivables of the company in comparison to its sales. Moreover, the inventory turnover ratio also declines due to the increment in the cost of goods sold and average inventory. The decline in inventory turnover ratio mainly depicts the efficient management system adopted by the company, which reduces its inventory storage and declines its overall expenditure. In addition, as per industry average both companies have higher receivables and inventory turnover ratio, which mainly states its improved operational capability (Giordani et al. 2014). However, from the comparison StarHub has better receivable turnover, whereas SingTel has better inventory turnover ratio. Moreover, asset turnover ratios of both companies have been declining over the period of three years, which mainly helps is depicting het efficiency of the management in utilising its overall assets. However, as per the comparison the overall asset turnover ratio of StabHub is relatively better than its peer. Fito, Moya and Orgaz (2013) motioned that using the efficiency ratio mainly allows the investors to identify the overall efficiency of the company management. However, after the evaluation of efficiency ratio StarHub has the most viable financial condition, which might help in generating higher revenues. Liquidity ratio: SingTel StarHub Industry Profitability 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 Gross margin ratio 28.68% 29.96% 27.95% 56.92% 60.25% 60.07% 7.30% Profit margin 21.97% 21.71% 19.31% 15.23% 15.52% 15.71% 3.25% Return on equity 15.28% 15.31% 14.63% 198.45% 248.66% 448.25% 6.20% Table 2: Depicting the Liquidity ratio (Source: As created by the author) Figure 2: Depicting the Liquidity ratio (Source: As created by the author) With the help of table and figure 2, the overall liquidity ratio of the company mainly states the overall financial condition of both companies. In addition, the overall financial condition of the company has mainly declined over the period of 3 years due to the increment in the overall current liability accumulation. SingTels overall current asset and liabilities is relatively same in 2015 in comparison with 2013, which was due to declining liabilities and assets accumulation. Moreover, the inventory accumulation also increased, which decreased the current assets value due the calculation of quick ratio. Moreover, both current and quick ratio of StarHub has mainly declined over the period of 2013 to 2015, which mainly states the declined accumulation of current assets and increment in the overall current liabilities. The increment in the overall closing inventory also reduced the current assets in the quick ratio calculation. Halkos and Tzeremes (2012) mentioned that uses of overall current and quick ratio also allow investors to detect the adequate accumulation of assets, which might help in fulfilling its short-term obligations. From the evaluation, both the companys current and quick ratios in not close to the industry standard, which only depicts vulnerability in its financial stability. The low accumulation of current assets is mainly harmful for both the companies as it might decrease its ability to support short-term obligations and continue with its operations. In addition, after the comparison of both SingTel and StarHubs liquidity ratio, it could be evaluated that SingTel could support its short-term obligation more effectively as it has higher quick and current ratios. Lakshmi, Martin and Venkatesan (2016) mentioned that investors by analysing liquidity ratio are able to detect companies with low risk exposure in their operations. Profitability ratio: SingTel StarHub Industry Profitability 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 Gross margin ratio 28.68% 29.96% 27.95% 56.92% 60.25% 60.07% 7.30% Profit margin 21.97% 21.71% 19.31% 15.23% 15.52% 15.71% 3.25% Return on equity 15.28% 15.31% 14.63% 198.45% 248.66% 448.25% 6.20% Table 3: Depicting the Profitability ratio (Source: As created by the author) Figure 3: Depicting the Profitability ratio (Source: As created by the author) Table and figure 3 mainly compares the profitability ratio of StarHub and SingTel from 2013 to 2015, which allows in detecting companies performance. Moreover, the gross profitability of SingTel mainly improved from 2013 to 2015 due to contraction of sales incurred by the company. The reduction in sales mainly declined the cost incurred by the company and improved its overall gross profit. However, the decline in gross profit from 2014 to 2015 could be seen, while increase in net profit could be seen in the same duration. This is mainly due to the overall decline in administrative expenses incurred by the company to support its activities (Maheshwari and Agarwal 2013). In addition, relative decline in net and gross profit of StarHub could be seen, which is due to increment in cost of sales and administrative expenses incurred by company over the three fiscal period. Moreover, the return on equity of SingTel mainly improved over the three fiscal years, while decline in ROE could be seen in StarHub. The overall decline in ROE of StarHub is mainly due to the increment in accumulation of total equity. The company mainly maintained its overall profit over the fiscal years, while increasing its equity exposure. This mainly hampered its ROE and depicted the inefficiency of the management in utilising shareholders capital. In addition, ROE of SingTel mainly improved over fiscal years due to the increasing percentage of profit acquired by the company in comparison with its equity accumulation. Brou and Krueger (2016) stated that determination of ROE mainly help investors to detect the efficiency of the company in utilising the overall capital provided by the shareholders in obtaining relative profits. However, in comparison StarHub with the overall decline in the profitability and gross profit is more viable option than its peer. The high gross and net profit ratio mainly portrays a financially healthy company. In addition, as per the industry standard both the companies have higher profitability ratio, which mainly depicts the effective increment in its operations. Wijesundera et al. (2016) argued that industry standard mainly loses its friction if the company is the market leader and has the maximum market share. Investment ratio: SingTel StarHub Industry Profitability 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 2015 Gross margin ratio 28.68% 29.96% 27.95% 56.92% 60.25% 60.07% 7.30% Profit margin 21.97% 21.71% 19.31% 15.23% 15.52% 15.71% 3.25% Return on equity 15.28% 15.31% 14.63% 198.45% 248.66% 448.25% 6.20% Table 4: Depicting the Investment ratio (Source: As created by the author) Figure 4: Depicting the Investment ratio (Source: As created by the author) The investment ratio mainly states demand of the investors regarding shares of the company. Moreover, both companies P/E ratio maintop declined from 2013 to 2015, due to the high increment in EPS. SingTels overall EPS mainly had a continuous growth while its share price declined from 2014, to 2015. This relevant decline in the share price mainly affected its P/E ratio and from 2014 to 2015. However, the overall StarHub EPS mainly remained same from 2013 o 2015, while only its share price declined, which resulted in slashed P/E ratio. However, the increment in the overall dividend yield and earnings yield could be seen in both companies, which mainly help in attracting potential investors. Liang et al. (2016) mentioned that higher dividend yield mainly attracts investors and increases demand of share amount potential investors. The overall improvement in the dividend yield is due to the decline in share price and continued maintenance of same dividend level. According to the industry standard P/E ratio of both the companies are not adequate, which mainly states the current decline in its overall EPS and reduced demand of companies shares among potential investors. However, the improvement in dividend and earnings yield mainly helped in maintaining the overall interest of the investors. Moreover, after the comparison SingTel has higher earnings yield, while StarHub has higher divined yield, which could be derived from the evaluation. Md, Cheng and Chua (2013) stated that continuities increment in the dividend yield mainly help the company to increase their share price demand and value. Share price movement comparison: Figure 5: Depicting the share price movement of SingTel (Source: Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016) Figure 6: Depicting the share price movement of StarHub (Source: Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016) Figure 7: Depicting the price movement of FTSE (Source: Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016) After the relevant evaluation of the figure 5 and 6, the overall share price movement of both companies can be evaluated. In addition, figure 7, mainly states the FTSE price movement, which could be compared with both the companies and could be used in detecting the price movement. From the one year evaluation of SingTel share price movement a low of 3.40 during Jan of 2016 and a high of 4.30 in Aug of 2016 could be seen (Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016). This relative change in price structure mainly states the demand of the company was relatively high until it declared the results in 2016, which negatively affected its share price and reduced its performance. Moreover, after comparing SingTel share price movement with FTSE relatively changes in the price movement could be evaluated. As FTSE started to consolidate after Aug 2016, while SingTel declined in value. This mainly states that selling pressure continued in SingTel, which is hampering its prices (Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016). Moreover, after the evaluation of share price movement of StarHub relatively declined in value from Aug 2016, which resulted in loses up to 19.44% on yearly basis (Sg.finance.yahoo.com 2016). However, the relative price movement of FTSE mainly indicates an increment of 15.48% in yearly basis. This distinguished price movement mainly states the vulnerability in telecommunication industry in Singapore. Xuan (2015) mentioned that price movement mainly help investors to detect the future prospects, which might help in improving the overall return from investment. On the other hand, Chandrasekaran, Manimannan and Kumar (2013) argued that during an economic crisis the share value of companies mainly decline, which result in losses in form of investment. The decline in the share price of StarHub was after the dividend payments conducted by the company during Aug. However, as compared to FTSE both companies share price is negatively performing, which only states the declining demand of inves tors. Evaluating external and internal sources affecting future performance of Singapore Telecommunication Limited and StarHub Limited: External factors Telecommunications Industry Regulations and political factors Currently the overall regulation and political factors of Singapore are in check, which has mainly supported the activities of telecommunication system. Competition The relatively entry in the telecommunication industry has mainly lowered the overall profitability, as companies had to adopt competitive pricing strategy to survive in the market. Economic condition The relative decline in the inflation rate in Singapore also contributes to the companys overall objective to achieve higher growth and return from their investment. Technological advancements The continuous change in technology and adoption of latest equipments are the major threat, which is been faced by the telecommunication industry. With every change in technology, the company needs to increase its capital expenditure, which mainly increases their debt and reduce their solvency scope. Internal factors SingTel Starhub Management Currently the management of the company is fairly exuberant, which mainly helps in achieving the depicted gaols The companys management is not fairly making adequate decisions, which is depicted from the overall share price demand and lowered financial position. Labour relations Currently the labour relation so the company is appropriate and support the future requirements The labour relation is adequate to maintain the level of productivity, which might help in generating higher revenues. Costs The costs are mainly declining, which has helped in improving its profitability ratio However, the company overall cost is mainly increasing, which is negotiable affecting its profitability ratio and increasing its overall debt Conclusion: The assignment mainly evaluates the financial performance of SingTel and StarHub from 2013 to 2015. The financial performance has been evaluated with the help of ratios and industry average. Moreover, from the evaluation SingTel is mainly derived as the most financially stable company as compared to its peers. However, both the companies have higher industry average, which mainly depicts the efficiency of the companys management. Furthermore, the share evaluation mainly states that SingTel has more value and has declined less than StarHub on yearly basis. Furthermore, the external factors and internal factors of SingTel are more prominent, which provide higher growth prospects and could help investor make adequate return from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Brou, F.B. and Krueger, T.M., 2016. Continental and National Differences in the Financial Ratios of Investment Banking Companies: An Application of the Altman Z Model.Journal of Accounting and Finance,16(3), p.37. Chandrasekaran, R., Manimannan, G. and Kumar, C.A., 2013, September. Assessment of Top Ranking Companions Using Financial Ratios. InInternational Journal of Engineering Research and Technology(Vol. 2, No. 9 (September-2013)). ESRSA Publications. Fit, M.., Moya, S. and Orgaz, N., 2013. Considering the effects of operating lease capitalization on key financial ratios.Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting/Revista Espaola de Financiacin y Contabilidad,42(159), pp.341-369. Giordani, P., Jacobson, T., von Schedvin, E. and Villani, M., 2014. Taking the twists into account: Predicting firm bankruptcy risk with splines of financial ratios.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,49(04), pp.1071-1099. Halkos, G.E. and Tzeremes, N.G., 2012. Industry performance evaluation with the use of financial ratios: An application of bootstrapped DEA.Expert Systems with Applications,39(5), pp.5872-5880. Laitinen, E.K., Lukason, O. and Suvas, A., 2014. Behaviour of Financial Ratios in Firm Failure Process: An International Comparison.International Journal of Finance and Accounting,3(2), pp.122-131. Lakshmi, T.M., Martin, A. and Venkatesan, V.P., 2016. A Genetic Bankrupt Ratio Analysis Tool Using a Genetic Algorithm to Identify Influencing Financial Ratios.IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,20(1), pp.38-51. Le, M.H.N., Nguyen, T.M., Nguyen, T.T.T., Ho, S.Q.D. and Tran, N.Q.H., 2015.Impact of financial market ratios to individual investors decision in Vietnam(Doctoral dissertation, FUG HCM). Liang, D., Lu, C.C., Tsai, C.F. and Shih, G.A., 2016. Financial ratios and corporate governance indicators in bankruptcy prediction: A comprehensive study.European Journal of Operational Research,252(2), pp.561-572. Maheshwari, N. and Agarwal, N., 2013. Evaluating Financial Performance of SBI through Financial Ratios.Indian Journal of Finance,7(10), pp.34-44. Md Nassir, A., Cheng, F.F. and Chua, K.H., 2013. A comparison of discriminant analysis and financial ratios in predicting financial distress. Nuryani, N., Heng, T.T. and Juliesta, N., 2015. Capitalization of Operating Lease and Its Impact on Firm's Financial Ratios.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,211, pp.268-276. Sg.finance.yahoo.com. (2016).FTSE 100 Index Chart - Yahoo! India Finance. [online] Available at: https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=%5EFTSE#symbol=%5EFTSE;range=1d [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Sg.finance.yahoo.com. (2016).SingTel Share Price Chart | Z74.SI - Yahoo! Singapore Finance. [online] Available at: https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=Z74.SI#symbol=Z74.SI;range=1d [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Sg.finance.yahoo.com. (2016).StarHub Share Price Chart | CC3.SI - Yahoo! Singapore Finance. [online] Available at: https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=CC3.SI#symbol=CC3.SI;range=1d [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Singtel.com. (2016).Mobile | Singtel. [online] Available at: https://www.singtel.com/personal/phones-plans/mobile.html [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. Starhub.com. (2016).StarHub Ltd Official Website. [online] Available at: https://www.starhub.com/ [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016]. W?grzyn, T., 2013, June. Stock selection based on financial ratios on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Analysis between 2001 and 2010. InEuropean Financial Systems 2013. Proceedings of the 10 th International Scientific Conference(pp. 356-361). Wijesundera, A.A.V.I., Weerasinghe, D.A.S., Krishna, T.P.C.R., Gunawardena, M.M.D. and Peiris, H.R.I., 2016. Predictability of stock returns using financial ratios: empirical evidence from Colombo stock exchange.Kelaniya Journal of Management,4(2). Xun Vinh, V., 2015. Using Accounting Ratios in Predicting Financial Distress: An Empirical Investigation in the Vietnam Stock Market.Journal of Economics and Development,17(1), p.41.

Information reliability for academic research review and recommendations free essay sample

The difference and the importance of both Scholarly publication and popular research both go hand and hand while seeking information. While scholarly publication is one in which the content is written by experts in a particular field of study generally for the purpose of sharing original research or analyzing others findings. Scholarly work will thoroughly cite all source materials used and is usually subject to peer review prior to publication.Scholars share their findings with similar experts. Many conference proceedings are peer-reviewed. The major source for scholarly information, journal articles include background research, data, and analysis. These are written by the scholars who conducted the research. These articles summarize and synthesize information from multiple primary articles. They can identify themes and trends across research. These types of sources can also catch you up on the relevant research in an area.The key items to include authorship, verifiability, and accuracy of details, currency, publishing body, points of view bias, and referral literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Information reliability for academic research: review and recommendations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This means that resources you would find in a physical library such as books, magazines, journals, and multimedia have been converted into digital formats and stored in databases, allowing you to access them by going to our webpage on a computer.( Quick n Dirty ) Referrals refer to the authoring context of work, and it can be referred to as literature knowledge. Literature includes a bibliography, treatment of controversial subjects, use of new theory and display of schools of thought and proper attribution of related resources. Points of view show the level of neutrality of information .the presence of the publishing body is an indication that the work has been screened. Currency refers to information timelines in the work. Verifiability or accuracy of the information is based on research method used, outlined methodology, listed bibliography and use of non-published data in the resource.To be the most effective and efficient when finding resources that fit research needs, one must start by having a clearly defined topic. Pay close attention to the details of the assignment, and list any keywords or concepts that require scholarly research. Refer to the tips in the Ashford University Library video Quick and Dirty (2013) discussed above, to help save time and get the desired results quicker. Conducting scholarly research can be overwhelming and daunting at first, but by being able to recognize the difference between scholarly and popular research, remembering key steps to using the Ashford University Library, and knowing how to effectively and efficiently find resources that fit your research needs, sorting through the sea of resources will be a bree ze.

India during rule from the British Essays

India during rule from the British Essays India during rule from the British Essay India during rule from the British Essay The East India Company established many things for India including telegraph. railway. and irrigation systems. It besides set up a big ground forces called the Sepoys to support its involvements and India’s boundary lines. The Sepoys were commanded by the British officers and were supported by the units of the British ground forces. Although the Indians benefited from the British regulation many resented British regulation. The East India Company made certain that British colonist received most of the advantages from the new engineering and industrialisation. Indian mill workers and retainers received really low rewards. Farmers got really small for there harvest. American indians could non keep high degree places. Schools besides taught English and Western thoughts and paid small attending to the long history and advanced civilization of India. Most of the entreaty of Imperialism ( when one authorities takes control over a foreign land and governs it as its ain ) . most specifically British Imperialism was economic promotion ; to make big. self-sufficient trading blocks. Britain exploited India. the crown gem of their imperialist imperium. for the export of many natural stuffs. In add-on. they placed trade Torahs upon India that restricted its trade with states other than Britain. India was finally under the complete control. even the regulation of Britain ; you could even state that India was occupied by Britain. as there were both political figures. and military military personnels from Britain in India. Though they exploited India in a manner that could hold destroyed India’s economic system. their presence helped hike India toward modernness with the building of railwaies and other new ( at the clip ) engineering. As the cotton trade declined. Britain. through the English East India Trading Company. forced many things upon India that brought them ( Britain ) economic benefit. They forced India to transport natural stuffs ( such as spices and fabrics ) to Britain. instead than utilizing them for their ain production. The East India Company came to lift as the predominant trading company in all of India ; Britain all but officially established a authorities in India ( they even had their ain ground forces in association with the English East India Trading Company. in order to reenforce the Torahs set by the settlers ) . With the prostration of local authoritiess. and the devastation of Indian mills and production companies. Britain’s addition of power in India became an easy undertaking. They in add-on forced them to purchase merchandises imported from Britain that were made with the exported natural stuffs. instead than merely leting them to bring forth the points themselves. At the same clip. the English East India Trading Company participated in the illegal export of opium to China. ensuing in the first Opium War . in which the Chinese were defeated. and the British trading rights were expanded. Before the constitution of English trading settlements in India. the monetary values they had to pay for Indian exports were highly high. higher than they were willing to pay ; through their control of the land. they were able to export these stuffs themselves. India was/is called the brightest gem in the imperial Crown . and with control over India. the Indian Ocean. and parts of the African Coast. Britain maintained an improbably big imperialist trading imperium. The English justified their imperialist actions mostly through Darwinism. Darwin stated in his plants his thought of Survival of the Fittest . The English merely took this to intend that. as a consequence. they were so easy able to take control over India. that they were the stronger people. and henc e meant to be dominant. The 2nd stage of British imperialism ( which begins in 1858 ) . is during a clip of Colonial Imperialism . Colonial imperialism is when one authorities non merely regulations over a foreign land. but establishes an all out colonial authorities at that place. and runs the states personal businesss. Members of the East India Company attempted to larn the linguistic communications of the Indians. but besides tried to enforce British civilization upon the Indians. They encouraged the Indians to move like conformists and frock and act like them. In 1877. Queen Victoria was named the Empress of India . During this clip. India was exploited for the exportation of even more natural stuffs such as spices. indigo dye. and fabrics. Trade Torahs were reinforced. and the East India Company’s ground forces enforced these Torahs. The Indians may hold seen these Acts of the Apostless as racialist. as the British were evidently subordinating them. Once Britain had complete control of India. the building of roads. railwaies. and telephone/telegraph lines began. In 1869. the Suez Canal. an unreal H2O transition in Egypt which links the Mediterranean sea. the Gulf of Suez. and the Red Sea all together. doing trade in that country much easier ) was opened. and increased India’s potency for trade dramatically. The British demoralized Indian industry ( evidently non desiring any competition over India’s natural stuffs. or exports ) . but bucked up production of harvests that they could export for net income. instead than nutrient harvests for endurance. In 1846. over five hundred-thousand Indians died from dearth ( in 1876-1879 10 million more Indians / Chinese people died from dearth ) . The poorness degree in India increased dramatically. as all of the net income went consecutive to British settlers. Britain’s Imperialism in India did hold some positive effects on India itself. The English. during the clip of their Empire. constructed big railway systems in India. which connected mills inland with the coastal transportation ports ; this railway system was one of the most developed in the full universe. This rail system helped in the development of the trade industry in Indian. and besides helped to forestall dearths ( nutrient was movable ) . The English besides established a system of roads. every bit good as Bridgess. dikes. and even irrigation ditches. They established centres for instruction. and the literacy rate in India increased significantly. as did wellness with the constitution of infirmaries. With the freshly trained professionals and bourgeoiss in India. a new upper category evolved. These positive effects did non come without a monetary value. The British claimed all power over India. political and economic. The British’s export of harvests left small for Indians to do money off of. and autonomy suffered ( particularly since they were bring forthing hard currency harvests to sell to the settlers for minimal monetary value. and didn’t even have clip or land to bring forth their ain nutrient harvests on ) . The Indians did non merely sit back and let the British to walk all over them ; as a consequence of turning bitterness to the implied racism. and general control implemented by the British. the Indians revolted. In 1857. the Sepoys. a group of Indians hired by the English East India Company. revolted against the British. Through rebellion. and others. followed by legion Nationalist motions. Indians finally gained independency for themselves in 1947. As it is shown. through the English East India Company. the British exploited India through direct and colonial imperialism. in order to convey Britain greater economic benefit. Britain came into India and merely took control. with no concern for the wellbeing of the Indians. They brought about the decomposition of Indian industry. and took advantage of India’s natural stuffs. and fertile land. Britain’s imperialist imperium in the Indian subcontinent brought them countless economic benefits. as was the end when they set out to set up such an imperium ; but more of the impact of this imperialism takes topographic point in India. So much alterations as a consequence of Britain’s imperium. They left India with one of the universes most advanced railway systems ( at that clip ) . freshly established schools and colleges. new infirmaries and medical installations. and new production mills. every bit good as a new feeling of class-consciousness. India was about forced into a province of modernness through the presence of British imperialists. All of the positive effects Britain’s imperialism had on India were non knowing. Everything the British did in order to assist India. was really done in order to assist themselves. The railwaies. the telegraphs. the roads. the schools. all were done in order to further progress their ain trading imperium.

Explain how each of the following can be a source of new laws; a party Essay

Explain how each of the following can be a source of new laws; a party manifesto, the Queens Speech, the Law Commission and a social situation - Essay Example During the elections, they release what is called their respective manifestos in which they undertake to bring certain measures into effect if their party is elected. And in the event they win, it becomes their moral duty to fulfil their commitment made in the party manifesto. Such measures in order to be implemented may some times require legal sanction. And it is for this purpose they enact law in the parliament incorporating what they promised in the manifesto. To this extent, the party manifesto becomes a new source of law. The parliament justifies the commitment made in the manifesto to make new law. However there is no legal duty on the part of the newly elected Government to enact law based on the party manifesto, though they are morally bound to the electorate who will not hesitate to defeat the party responsible, in subsequent elections. The party manifesto once thought of as a sacred document has now lost its sheen due to dilution of morals on the part of elected representa tives. In the earlier periods of revolution aiming to dethrone the colonial powers and to set up a Government of their own, freedom fighters had released documents having the force of manifesto. Few examples are The United Sates Declaration of Independence in 1776 and The declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen during the French Revolution. In the labour party’s manifesto of 2005, the party makes several promises to make new laws. 1 . Mitchell and Dadhania 2 state that while origins of law making are varied, the most obvious source would be when a new Government comes into power, having been elected on the basis of the respective party’s manifesto. Thus when the Labour Government took office in 1997, it fulfilled its manifesto promise of incorporating Bill of Rights into the English Constitution by means of Human Rights Act 1998. It also achieved devolving of decision making power to the regions from the centre pertaining to Wales and Scotland through the

Research Case 3 - Operating Segments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Case 3 - Operating Segments - Essay Example North America and Eurasia/Africa segments accounted for the highest revenue growth registering increases of 36% and 23% respectively. The two leading segments in profit margins were Europe and Latin America with 67% and 62% profit margins respectively. In 2010, the most important segments for GE were Technology Infrastructure and GE capital as they accounted for 26% and 31% of the total revenue respectively. NBC universal and Home & Business solutions recorded the highest revenue growth of 9% and 2% increases respectively. Energy infrastructure and Technology Infrastructure were the most profitable segments recording 20% and 17% profit margins respectively. In 2010, the two most important segments for Oxford Industries were Tommy Bahama and Lanier Clothes as they accounted for 66% and 17% of the total revenue. Tommy Bahama and Corporate/Other segments had the highest changes increase in revenue with growths of 10% and 64% respectively. Tommy Bahama and Lanier Clothes were the most profitable segments with 13% and 14% profit

One computer in a classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One computer in a classroom - Essay Example Practical ideas start with the room arrangement to maximize space and provide convenience to teachers and students. Next is proper management and scheduling, this is where computer users are given their individual timing and cycle through to complete a project. It may be on a daily or weekly basis depending on the estimated length or duration of the project. Encourage cooperative or group learning that would break large student's class into smaller and more manageable groups. Consider computer skill and particular assignment when pairing students and allow change of partners according to requirements. Set and provide guidelines for the proper use of computer, let users clearly understand their rights and responsibilities and the restrictions they should follow while using the computer station. This approach will greatly save time and allow more groups to participate. To enable effective use of time, display posters with computer terms and commands for user's easy reference. Teachers can now use administrative applications to increase productivity such as correspondence, worksheets, tables, test questions, handouts, and bulletin board posting materials. They can also design and print forms for filling like personal information data of students. They can publish newsletters, calendars, reports, certificates, graphic organizers and seating arrangement charts. Convenient and more accurate electronic grade book, students attendance records, students information database. For student's information, teachers can write and post announcements, and important reminders. Computer as a creation tool for students to do word processing, create functional database, data tabulation and spreadsheets, graphs, and other multimedia applications. They can also use the computer as an

Assessment for Learning techniques and the teaching of Science

Assessment for Learning techniques and the teaching of Science The purpose of this literature review is to research recent literature and research conducted into Assessment for Learning (AfL) techniques and relating directly to the teaching of Science as a subject within Primary Education. This literature review is predominantly designed to address the following research questions: Which are the most commonly used techniques of AfL in science? How is constructivism linked to AfL in Science? Do other subjects use different AfL techniques than are used in science? How common is the use of AfL in science? What is the impact of the use of AfL on pupils understanding of scientific concepts? How does AfL impact on the application of scientific skills at KS2? To research these questions, searches were made using Athens, searching the British Education Index (BEI) and The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Australian Education Index (AEI) research systems for articles and books relating to Assessment for Learning (AfL), formative assessment and science education which had been published since 1990. Hand searches were also made through Primary Science Review, Science Education and School Science Review. Assessment for Learning (AfL) has been defined as: the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there. (Assessment Reform Group, 2002) The application of scientific skills at KS2 has been encapsulated by the Welsh Assembly Government in their new Welsh Curriculum documents introduced in 2008 as: Learners should be taught to relate their scientific skills, knowledge and understanding to applications of science in everyday life, including current issues. They should be taught to recognise that scientific ideas can be evaluated by means of information gathered from observations and measurements. (Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, 2008) Research into AfL (e.g. Black William, 1998 and Osborne Freyberg, 1985) has indicated that whilst it is evident that all children benefit, it is not something added to teaching, but is integral to it (Harlen, 2006b, p. 176). In essence, AfL cannot be an addition to the pedagogical process; conversely it must be inherently encompassed within all teaching and learning practices. Harrison and Black (2004) develop the ideology behind Black and Williams work (1998) relating to AfL techniques and research directly to the subject of Science. Whilst predominantly focussed towards secondary science teaching, this work is still relevant to Primary Education. In this work, they develop the reasoning behind the advantages of the use of AfL within Science lessons. Science provides the means by which learners can interact with the world around them and develop ideas about the phenomena they experience. So, when they attempt activities such as germinating seeds, their studies in science equip them with ways to observe and question what is happening. Through experiments they can begin to work out and predict what might happen if conditions for the growing plant change. To be able to learn science in this way, student needs help in developing process skills to investigate, and communication skills to question and discuss findings. Formative assessment fits well into this learning scenario, since its purpose is for teachers to sift the rich data that arise in classroom discussion and activity, so that professional judgements can be made about the next steps in learning. (Black Harrison, 2004, p. 3) In her paper presented to the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Moody (2009) highlights the generally accepted techniques of AfL used within the classroom, which many articles are generally in agreement with, which are: Peer and self-assessment Sharing learning goals and success criteria Effective questioning and dialogue Effective teacher feedback In addition, the importance to an effective classroom climate where children are encouraged to share their thoughts and unconstrained by the correction of wrong answers and the feeling that being wrong is a negative rather than the opportunity to share initial ideas, is essential. When researching methods into AfL and its introduction into the primary classroom, history determines that the Plowden Report (1967) must be mentioned and discussed regarding her research and finding that showed, according to Bell (2008) in hindsight, amazing vision when it indicated that a successful education should include: child-centred approached to teaching a topic based curriculum discovery learning The core principles and values that directly relate to modern AfL techniques and philosophies require that: childrens views are highly valued and actively sought out that their learning engages them in a way that they can actively relate them to other aspects of their lives the learning of skills across the curriculum enables children to be equipped to deal with a variety of situations rather than a single subject discipline. Critics of these ideals as Gillard (2004) describes are the writers of the Black Papers and their followers who criticised much of what the primary schools were doing and blamed the Plowden Report at least in part for what they saw as undesirable trends during the 1970s and 1980s. Driver (1983), however agrees with the underlying philosophy behind the Plowden report findings, stating that It is, after all, the coherence as perceived by the pupil that matters in learning. Driver was also part of the Childrens Learning in Science Project (CLISP) which researched the area that it is as important in teaching and curriculum development to consider and understand childrens own ideas as it is to give a clear presentation of the conventional scientific theories (Driver, 1983) In their article, Lindsay and Clark (2001) describe ways in which AfL strategies (and specifically self- and peer-assessment) can be used to develop a constructivist classroom where children participate in creating and reflecting on their learning (p. 15). They also identify advantages to these techniques specifically develop scientific skills stating that children become more scientific in their enquiriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦encourages children to be constantly involved in the scientific process and their role within it (p. 18). Black and Harrison (2004) also discuss the importance of discussion within the science classroom where students feel they can reveal current understanding and be helped to further understanding and feel that this is an essential ingredient to making formative assessment function in the classroom (p. 9). With regards to talk within the classroom, many writers have defined three different kinds: Triadic dialogue (three stages usually teacher initiation, pupil response and teacher evaluation), Authorative discourse (teacher conveying information to the pupils) and Interactive or non-interactive talk. Chin (2006) suggests that the triadic dialogue method is often perceived to have restrictive effects on pupil thinking (p. 1316), that ideas conveyed by the teacher using authorative discourse tend to be ignored and that interactive talk is described as dialogue. Generally in agreement are Asoko and Scott (2006) who propose that effective teaching involves all these approaches (p. 163). Hodgson (2010) describes the sharing of success criteria with the children in a Primary classroom as a key AfL strategy and is linked directly with feedback. Black and Harrison agree with this point in their summary of what they believe are the essential factors of effective feedback: should motivate the child to discuss his or her thoughts with the teacher or a peer (p. 12) in order to initiate the self-development of the child encourages instantaneous action relates back to the success criteria (p. 13) Allows learners to compare their own ideas of achievement against that of the teacher or peer Indicates to the child where to go for help and what they can do to improve (p. 13) (Black Harrison, 2004) Leakey (2001) carried out a study where she reported on her own experiences with experimenting with sharing learning objectives and success criteria with children of a range of ages and believes it to be a successful AfL strategy because it gives children ownership of their own learning (p. 68). Leakey also suggests that it is only with the insight of what it is that they are trying to achieve can children are able to make connections with any feedback that they subsequently receive. Koegh and Naylor (1996) delivered a lecture at Manchester Metropolitan University sharing their ideas that: Constructivist views of learning in science suggest that learners can only make sense of new situations in terms of their existing understanding. Prior knowledge is used by learners to interpret observations; meaning is constructed by individuals in a process of adding to or modifying their existing ideas. (Keogh Naylor, 1996) and cited the works of others who share the same view (Driver (1983); Osbourne Freyberg (1985) and Scott (1987)). The inferences behind the constructivist theory relating to education are that the teacher is required to find out childrens ideas (elicitation) in order to take them into consideration when planning their teaching to provide teaching and learning experiences which will develop the childrens ideas and challenge their understanding of a specific area. Within science education, there has been a great deal of research into the benefits of using constructivism as a method of AfL with many teachers appreciating the concept of constructivism within the science classroom. Curriculum resources have been developed along with specific research including the (Science Processes and Concept Exploration (SPACE) project (1990-92) and as a result research by Nuffield Primary Science who have used this research to develop many pedagogical aids and teaching resources for teachers within the classroom. However, Bentley and Watts (1991) discussed their concerns that there is a distinction between what they define as the strong characteristics of theoretical constructivism and the ability of teachers to apply it to their teaching resulting in a weak version of constructivism that is delivered in the classroom. Leeds (1992) describes that although teachers find it easier to plan activities following an elicitation session where learners preconceived ideas have been identified, the practicalities of tailoring an inclusive education where all childrens learning issues relating to a specific area is near impossible when faced with a class of 30 differing ideas. In relation to the difference between the amount of research into the benefits of a constructivist approach to teaching and the teaching resources and pedagogical guidance available, Claxton (1986) described the mountain of examples of childrens alternative conceptions (p. 126) which were available at that time and noted that the guidance for teachers on how to restructure the learners ideas was less prominent in the literature. More recent research also focuses more closely on the elicitation of ideas, but much less is written about methods and techniques which allow teachers to restructure these ideas as a whole class exercise. The aim of the SPACE project was to: start where the children are, building on the ideas children bring with them to lessons and helping them to develop their understanding of scientific concepts. (Nuffield Foundation) Nuffield Primary Science developed a series of books covering the Science Curriculum, which included many misconceptions of children in each area along with examples of concept cartoons and examples of activities that could be used in order to restructure the highlighted misconceptions and develop childrens thinking, in order to aid teachers within the classroom to enable children to test out their own ideas through practical hands-on activities and investigations. These publications are now unfortunately out of print; however the reports relating to the SPACE project continue to be available from the Nuffield website (Nuffield Primary Science). The use of specific strategies such as concept cartoons (Keogh Naylor, 2000) and mind mapping (Stow, 1997) introduce researched methods of elicitation within the science classroom and offer an effective way of concluding any project where children can revisit the original idea and discuss how and why they have developed throughout the study period. However, teachers require the flexibility and space within the curriculum in order to effectively put these theories into practice in order that the benefits can be maximised. AfL will only be successful when both teachers and children are committed to its process and where both use it as a method for developing current learning and developing and expanding their skills and knowledge base. This idea is supported by the following: Assessment for learning only works if pupils and teachers take action on learning needs. (Ward, Roden, Hewlett, Foreman, 2005) Black and William best summarise the use of AfL within the classroom as follows: There is a body of firm evidence that formative assessment is an essential feature of classroom work and that development of it can raise standards. We know of no other way of raising standards for which such a strong prima facie case can be made on the basis of evidence of such large learning gains. (Black William, 1998)

Your Attitude Is Showing :: Business Marketing

Your Attitude Is Showing: A Primer of Human Relations I enjoyed reading "Your Attitude Is Showing" a great deal more than I expected to. I normally hate to read because I am not very good at it, and I am usually uninterested in the subject. I found that this book to be quite easy to read. The language that the authors used was very easy to understand. Also, it was divided into many chapters with many sections in each chapter. This made it easy for me to keep my attention on the book. When reading I normally become tired and bored, but I was able to focus well on this book. The content of the book also helped keep me interested. I felt that the authors addressed many important points throughout the book. Though I knew much of the information discussed, I also learned a lot from it. This is why I enjoyed the book the most, because it taught me things that I will use, and that are very important for how successful my life is, professionally and personally. Key Points When reading this book I found there to be many important points that were addressed in each chapter. I found three points in particular to be more valuable to me than the others. The first key point that I found was in chapter 2. â€Å"All organizations are built around people. And when you build healthy relationships with your fellow workers and supervisors, you open doors that would otherwise be closed.† I found this statement to be very interesting. This section went on to explain how knowledge of a particular job is not all that is important to succeed in a career. I had previously not realized this in my life, even though I have had personal experiences that reflect this. I was recently offered a management position at my current job. I thought that it was strange because I had relatively no experience working in retail, and I had only been working with the company for a few months. But after reading this section I realized that, most likely, the reason why they off ered me the job was because of the strong relationships I had developed with my supervisors and co-workers in such a short period of time. From now on I plan on keeping this point in mind whenever I begin a new job. The second key point that I found was discussed in chapters 3 and 4.